Civil Litigation

Civil Litigation

What is civil litigation?

There can often be a very thin line between conduct which is criminal in nature or which amounts to commercial fraud only.

The correct advice and selecting the right remedy can make all the difference.

Some cases are best left to be prosecuted in criminal courts, where the offender faces the prospect of penal consequences.

In other cases, seeking remedies in a commercial or a civil court may be more expedient for you to recoup your losses. And then, there are cases where you may want to explore both possibilities simultaneously.

Types of Civil Litigation

Civil litigation can encompass a broad range of disputes that will directly enact a number of legal matters.

A civil litigator will therefore tend to specialise in a specific practice area.

Some of the most common types of civil litigation include:

disputes and laws that encompass landlords and tenants
environmental law
products liability
intellectual-property disputes
construction
medical malpractice
employment and labour issues
anti-trust laws
real estate
worker’s compensation, and
education law

Our Civil Litigation Barristers

At Libertas, we pride ourselves on having barristers who have vast experience in multiple domains.

We can advise you on selecting the correct remedy for your situation. We assist you with advice that lets you form an informed view.

Our members routinely provide pre-litigation advice that helps you form a comprehensive legal overview of your situation and the possibilities.

Contact Libertas Chambers today to discuss representation for any civil litigation matter.

Instruct LibertasTo discuss your case please contact our clerks by phone on +44 (0) 20 7036 0200 or email us at clerks@libertaschambers.com

Related Practise Areas

Account Freezing & Asset Forfeiture

The asset forfeiture team at Libertas Chambers are specialists in this fast developing field of criminal and civil practice. The Serious Fraud Office, the National Crime Agency and the Crown Prosecution Service are not slow to take advantage of recent amendments to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, to bypass traditional methods of prosecution and confiscation in situations where there is often little prospect of proving a criminal offence. The Criminal Finances Act 2017 has amended the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 to allow authorised law enforcement agencies such as police or customs to seize, detain and forfeit “listed assets”, if they are recoverable property or intended for use in unlawful conduct. Listed assets can include precious metals, precious stones, watches, artistic works, face-value vouchers and postage stamps. Taken together, these Acts provide these agencies with an array of new powers all designed to make it easier to freeze and forfeit property alleged to have been obtained in the context of criminal conduct allegedly committed anywhere. An Ex Parte Approach The process is typically commenced by an ex parte approach by an investigator to a Magistrates Court for an order freezing a bank account for up to two years if there is merely a reasonable suspicion that the balance is recoverable. However, the standard of proof is higher to convert that freezing order into a forfeiture order because the Applicant must make the Court satisfied that the “property” was obtained through unlawful conduct or was intended for use in unlawful conduct. Because these orders are intended to be used by law enforcement to forfeit large sums of money without having to prosecute anyone and prove their guilt, a rapid, cohesive and effective defence response is highly desirable. At Libertas Chambers, our experienced asset forfeiture team work closely with their instructing solicitors to develop careful strategies in order to defeat these applications by using proactive and focused case preparation at all stages of the process.

There can often be a very thin line between conduct that is criminal in nature, or which amounts to commercial fraud only. The correct advice and selecting the right remedy can make all the difference. Some cases are best left to be prosecuted in criminal courts, where the offender faces the prospect of penal consequences. In other cases, seeking remedies in a commercial or a civil court may be more expedient for you to recoup your losses. And then there are cases where you may want to explore both possibilities simultaneously. At Libertas, we pride ourselves on having barristers who have vast experience in multiple domains. We are able to advise you on selecting the correct remedy for your situation. We assist you with advice that lets you form an informed view. Our members routinely provide pre-litigation advice that helps you form a comprehensive legal overview of your situation and the possibilities.

Commercial Litigation

Members of chambers have experience in representing and advising businesses including financial institutions, insurance companies, manufacturers and professional services firms in a wide range of commercial disputes both in the UK and overseas. One of our barristers was formerly a commercial litigation partner with a Magic Circle law firm. Our experience includes: banking insurance and reinsurance civil fraud and asset tracing personal and corporate insolvency directors’ and officers’ liability professional negligence employment discrimination and sexual harassment insurance and reinsurance product liability environmental claims employment

Judicial Review

Many decisions are made by a number of public bodies during a suspect’s or defendant’s journey through the Criminal Justice system. These will include Police decisions made during a person’s arrest and detention; CPS decisions whether and what offence to charge, Legal Aid Agency decisions about whether to grant a Representation Order, Judicial Decisions to grant arrest warrants, freezing orders, or search warrants for example. In addition, a person’s treatment in custody post sentence is littered with decisions that are capable of challenge through the Courts. Equally, decisions made by regulatory bodies and tribunals are also capable of successful challenge. Public Law applications are increasing in their number and complexity, and members of chambers have experience of challenging decisions that are made by Courts, the Crown Prosecution Service and HM Prison Service. Members of Chambers have also been instructed to draft applications for permission, pursuant to Part 54 of the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR), in accordance with the CPR Practice Directions. The relevant form (N461) and skeleton arguments can also be settled by Counsel at Libertas Chambers. Applications for funding can also be drafted in complex cases. Members of Chambers will also advance oral argument in support of permission for leave and at substantive hearings before the High Court and The Court of Appeal.

When representing individuals and companies before the First Tier Tribunal and Upper Tier Tribunal, we are able to draw upon our many years of expertise in defending in many of the most serious and complex HMRC criminal tax prosecutions Our expertise involves dealing with VAT, CIS and Duty proceedings. It is often the case now that HMRC choose to go down the route of proceedings before the FTT rather than the criminal courts. Our many years of success in uncovering disclosure failures by HMRC in MTIC cases gives us a tremendous advantage when a robust defence is required. We are skilled at dealing with cases which in some instances have hundreds of thousands of documents. We play key roles in multi-disciplinary teams with solicitors, forensic accountants and other experts. Our background of robust and skilful criminal advocacy can give clients the edge when there are serious factual challenges to be made before the FTT. Equally, we understand the commercial reality of some of these proceedings and are adept at helping to negotiate settlements when that is in the best interest of our client.

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Felicity was instructed by the Australian Centre for International Justice and led Daye Gang of the Victorian Bar You can read the JFM press release here justiceformyanmar.org/press-r…

About 5 months ago from LibertasChambers's Twitter via Publer.io

The memo set out international law and guidance places due diligence obligations on the Singapore Exchange and possible liability on the Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Singapore Government for companies doing business with the Myanmar military.

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Justice for Myanmar issued a press release today on the latest moves in the Golden City investment scheme linked to the Myanmar military and the ETC divestment.

About 5 months ago from LibertasChambers's Twitter via Publer.io

Dr Felicity Gerry's Legal investment memo has $80million SG impact on Golden City scheme in Myanmar The legal investment memo by Dr Felicity Gerry KC has led to ETC divestment. Read more in the thread. pic.twitter.com/AuLZex7GMm

About 5 months ago from LibertasChambers's Twitter via Publer.io

Dr Felicity Gerry KC has assisted in drafting and supported a petition for a conditional pardon for 2 IPP prisoners. The petition was served on the Minister of Justice Alex Chalk MP by Dean Kingham of Rees Thomas Watson solicitors. Read more here... libertaschambers.com/media-hu… pic.twitter.com/SSACttsdTu

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On Friday 7 July, Dr Felicity Gerry KC mitigated on behalf of Jarrad Spence Robinson at a sentencing hearing which led to a life sentence with a minimum term of 32 years for murder by stabbing and ENCRO Chat drug dealing. You can read more here mylondon.news/news/north-lon… pic.twitter.com/lTswG3Bmh9

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Watch the playback via our YouTube Channel, or by the below link: libertaschambers.com/media-hu… #CriminalDefence #Webinar #Barristers #Law

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In our latest webinar, Dr Felicity Gerry KC and Marie Spenwyn discuss the delivery of defence openings / summary of issues, how defence statements can be framed to support a defence opening, and what is the bare minimum for opening defence issues which is fair.

About 5 months ago from LibertasChambers's Twitter via Publer.io

Rule 25.9, taken together with the overriding objective allows for a fair and concise rehearsal of the issues raised in the defence statement or alternatively for the jury to be given the defence statement.

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𝗗𝗶𝗱 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀 𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗲𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗿? A practice is growing of asking Defence Counsel to open 1 or 2 sentences after the prosecution opening in serious cases which may not be in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Rules. 🧵 libertaschambers.com/media-hu…

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Latest News

Joint Enterprise Murder and Persons with Disabilities Alex Henry (Alex) was born 3 December 1992. Alex has Autism Spectrum Disorder (‘ASD’). ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disability which affects how people interpret the world and understand it. It affects more than one in 100 people. Despite its prevalence, it remains poorly understood, stigmatised and stereotyped. Alex has been imprisoned since 2014 as an alleged accessory to murder. ASD is frequently mis-diagnosed, under-diagnosed and stigmatised – often it is not picked up until a person is an adult. Alex was not diagnosed until after he was convicted and sentenced. The expert ASD diagnosis by Professor Simon Baron Cohen in 2016 was independently confirmed by two further experts. It was accepted at sentence that the friend was the killer. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum of 22 years. Alex was sentenced to mandatory life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum term of 19 years. Alex will be 40 by the time he can apply for parole. Following which he will be on ‘life licence’ and subject to recall for the rest of his life. In 2014, a single judge at the Court of Appeal of England and Wales Criminal Division (‘COA’) refused Alex permission to appeal. Two years later Alex’s ASD was finally diagnosed. As is well known, in 2016, the UK Supreme Court held in R v Jogee that the law on JE had ‘taken a wrong turn’ for 30 years. The court held that the use of ‘realised’ (foreseeing the possibility of a crime) was an error of law. This means that the use of ‘realised’ in legal directions to the jury in Alex’s trial was an error of law. On 2 March 2016, following the R v Jogee decision, Alex sought leave to appeal out of time to the full court of the COA on the basis that the trial jury was wrongly directed in law, and relying on his ASD diagnosis. Professor Baron Cohen was subject to cross-examination, even though the Prosecution submitted no contrary expert opinion. In 2016, it was decided by the COA in R v Johnson [2016] EWCA Crim 1613 that the burden to prove a ‘substantial injustice’ is on the applicant, and that it is a ‘high threshold’. Alex’s appeal was rejected on the basis he had not suffered such an injustice despite his ASD not being known and him serving a life sentence for not killing anyone. The decision appears contrary to Jacobs [2023] EWCA Crim 1503, where the COA held that autism is not relevant to reasonable belief as a matter of principle, but it may be relevant on the facts of the case if the belief depends on an impaired ability to read social signals. The COA also assessed Alex’s behavioural ASD traits as bad character, stating: ‘[i]t was clear based on the materials before [them] that Henry has a significant history in relation to behavioral problems which originated from at least 2002; he was assessed on several occasions to ascertain whether he had any mental illness’[para 37 – of course ASD is not a mental illness but a neurodivergent condition] On 12 September 2017, an application for a certificate for leave to appeal to the UK Supreme Court (UKSC) arguing that the control by the COA of UKSC appeals is contrary to the rights of a disabled person was rejected. Applications to the ECHR and the CCRC have also been refused, as has a petition for mercy to the former Secretary of State for Justice. Unhelpfully, the CCRC gave its opinion on the proposed conditional pardon which would have allowed for Alex’s release. The CCRC acknowledged Alex’s ASD diagnosis but iterated Alex’s ‘bad character’ ignoring the link between ASD and his behaviour. Neither the Secretary nor the CCRC examined the practices in the criminal justice system (CJS) for people with ASD. On 12 September 2024 a report by the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies found that JE laws are vague and wide in scope, causing systemic injustice, including overcriminalisation, over-punishment, discriminatory outcomes, and convictions where there is no compelling evidence of intent and a defendant’s physical contribution is minimal’. The author, Nisha Waller states: ‘The current law encourages the overcharging of suspects and allows cases to be propelled forward based on poor-quality evidence.’ In 2022 the Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge found that an overwhelming majority of ASD accused persons were not provided with adequate support or adjustments in the UK Criminal Justice System. This followed an Equality and Human Rights Commission report in June 2020 that warned that the CJS is failing those with learning disabilities and autistic people. The Cambridge report noted that there was almost no research investigating how autistic defendants are being treated within the CJS. In 2024 an expert consensus was published on the identification and support of individuals with ASD in within the UK CJS. It concluded that greater attention needs to be given to this potentially vulnerable population when navigating the CJS. However, there is some recognition on sentencing: In 2020 the UK Sentencing Council published guidelines specifying that mental disorders, developmental disorders and neurological disorders should be considered in sentencing – noting specifically that no adverse inference should be drawn if an offender had not been formally diagnosed. ASD affects Alex’s ability to assess the conduct and intentions of others. Communication differences mean that Alex is also always at risk of being misunderstood. Alex’s ASD diagnosis is therefore directly relevant to his actions in relation to his conviction and whether he could know (or realise) what someone else would do. His ASD diagnosis gives rise to serious doubt on his alleged culpability The expressions of the impairments caused by ASD should also have been taken in account when weighing the person’s criminal responsibility and sentence. Alex’s latest move is an application to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: It is suggested that, as a person with a disability and the UK has violated Alex Henry’s rights under the Convention. His experience at all stages of the UK criminal justice system is argued to be discriminatory and inequitable. He has not been able to effectively participate in a criminal proceeding where his ASD is known and properly addressed. The UK is obligated to ensure Alex is both ‘equal before the law’ and ‘equal under the law’ (Article 5 CRPD); this means that Alex has the right to be protected by the law and has the right to use the law for personal benefit. This interpretation requires existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities to be modified or abolished. Additionally, the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities should be considered in all policies and programs. State parties must take positive actions to ensure that Alex can have full enjoyment – this includes accommodating his needs within legal processes. The application alleges that Alex’s rights were denied through failures at every stage of trial and appeal, including drawing adverse inferences from his silence in police interview. The consequence of Alex’s case is that any young person with ASD ‘involved’ in crowd violence is at risk of a life sentence, even if they are not able to assess what another person would do and even if they make no significant contribution to the crime. The result is the imposition of a harsh and grossly disproportionate sentence exacerbated by being labelled with ‘murder’ which is especially difficult for parole purposes. Thus, it is suggested that the UK has violated his CRPD rights and is perpetuating discriminatory customs and practices as opposed to supporting their modification or abolishment. It is not known whether his application will be accepted but Alex’s is a case that highlights some complex issues for Westminster. Felicity represents Alex pro bono and is instructed by Dean Kingham of Reece Thomas Watson Solicitors.

Felicity Gerry KC

Slip Rule or Slip Up? Leitch Et Al [2024] EWCA Crim 563 In this article, Alexandra-Maria Eugenicos discusses the appeal outlined above and the concept and mechanics of the ‘Slip Rule’. Introduction This appeal involves 6 unconnected cases concerned with administrative amendment of sentence. Correcting sentencing errors are commonplace and those in practice are familiar with the mechanics of the slip rule. However, the issue arises where the administrative alteration is significant, an example being where the sentence announced in court is wrong in law, which cannot so easily be remedied administratively. Amending a Sentence in Law At paragraph 6 of the judgment in Leicth, Lord Justice Davis states: ‘The fundamental principle is that the sentence imposed on a defendant in the Crown Court is the sentence pronounced in open court by the judge.’ The Court of Appeal further considered the history of the law enabling amendments to sentence being made. The following is set out by Lord Justice Davis at paragraph 8: ‘Before the advent of the Crown Court in 1972 there was no statutory power to amend or alter a sentence imposed in any higher criminal court. There was a common law power exercised either by the Judge of an Assize or by the Recorder of a Quarter Sessions. At the end of the Assize or the Quarter Session the relevant judge would sign the calendar authenticating the sentences which had been passed. On occasion the judge would decide to alter the sentence impose in court. The practice was that any alteration would not be one which operated to the disadvantage of the defendant.’ A new statutory power was introduced by s. 11(2) Courts Act 1971 allowing a sentence or other order made by the Crown Court to be varied or rescinded within 28 days of imposition. No stipulation was made as to how a sentence should be altered but the Court of Appeal made clear that any alteration must be announced in open court, and the defendant must be present unless there was a good reason for absence, or they were represented by counsel. Lord Justice Davis considers instances where this above guidance was ignored. The statutory power of amending sentence is now contained in s. 385 Sentencing Act 2020 which sets out the current time limit as 56 days. There are procedural guidelines contained in Part 28.4 CrimPR. It may be exercised by the Crown or defence in writing and by the court of its own motion. The hearing may be held in public, private or without a hearing. The judge may not exercise this power in the defendant’s absence unless it is a defence variation application, the defence have had opportunity to make representations at a hearing, or the variation will not mean a harsher sentence. However, Lord Justice Davis made clear that ‘whatever the decision is and however it is made, it must be announced at a hearing in public along with the reasons for the decision.’ (para 11). If variation is sought after 56 days, it can only be varied by the Court of Appeal under s. 385. Appellants’ Cases The details of the cases considered in the joined appeals are instructive and worthy of consideration. Daniel Leitch Mr Leitch was sentenced for offences on an indictment in which no evidence had been offered, was not sentenced for an offence to which he had pleaded guilty, or an offence committed for sentence. The court record did not reflect this because the court clerk had later been authorised to amend the court record. This was not announced in open court. Leave to appeal was granted in relation to offences he had been acquitted, with those sentences quashed. However, the other grounds failed. DS This defendant was sentenced to a total term of 14 years and 3 months for multiple counts of rape. A sentence for offenders of particular concern under s. 278 Sentencing Act 2020 was mandatory on all counts. It was mentioned during sentencing remarks but not pronounced. It was not sufficiently explained that he would be subject to extended licence of 1 year. Moreover, there was an intention to impose a Restraining Order, but no pronouncement was made at the hearing nor was there specification of duration. A day after the sentencing the judge was made aware following which the court clerk made entries on the DCS where the above was remedied and a restraining order made ‘until further order’. The sentencing judge had explained in an email to the Court of Appeal that he had intended to write to counsel and told the court clerk he would do so, but he did not. Leave was granted for DS to pursue all grounds of appeal in relation to amendment. The Court of Appeal did not find his sentence manifestly excessive and did not accept that the Restraining Order was correctly imposed. Paul Fleet Mr Fleet was made subject to a Sexual Harm Prevention Order (‘SHPO’) for an indefinite period and the sentencing judge had imposed notification requirements for an indefinite period. The SHPO was later amended and specified for 5 years with notification requirements imposed for the same period. This order was amended under the slip rule with the duration and notification requirements set at 10 years. There was no hearing where this was announced by the judge. Appeal in relation to sentence was dismissed; however, the Court of Appeal recognised the deficiency of the 10-year amendment not being pronounced in court, determining that the SHPO was as pronounced in as initially amended (5 years duration). PB This defendant was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. The judge did not impose mandatory sentences on multiple counts as required by s. 278 Sentencing Act 2020 (Offenders of particular concern). The prosecution alerted the judge 5 days later, the judge amended sentence with an extended licence of 2 years ‘administratively and under the slip rule.’ The prosecution said that a more severe sentence should not have been imposed which led to a slip rule hearing where the sentence was amended to 19 years custodial with extended licence of 1 year. A ground of appeal that sentence was manifestly excessive was rejected, but the appeal allowed in relation to the 20 year determinate sentence being quashed and substituted for a special custodial sentence for an offender of particular concern as 19 years with extended licence of 1 year. Andrew Adams Mr Adams pleaded guilty to handling stolen goods and driving offences (no insurance and no licence). He was sentenced to 2 years for handling stolen goods. The offences took place within the operation period of a SSO which was activated. Mr Adams was sentenced to 2 years and 6 months (previous offence of bladed article) to run consecutively, and further fined separately for each driving offence with a default sentence of 7 days to run concurrently, disqualification for 3 years and ordered to sit an extended re-test – in relation to the offence of driving with no licence. There followed discussions between counsel and the Court Clerk, the substance of which was not caught on the recording. The Court Clerk went to see the judge, on return they say that disqualification is attached to the no insurance and is 21 months with 15 months uplift to account for the custodial sentence, taking it to 3 years. Counsel then raised concerns about whether an extended retest can be ordered on an offence of no insurance. The Court Clerk went to see judge again and when she returned said that the judge approved the amendment – no extended retest. Counsel told clerk it was not necessary for judge to return to court. The Court of Appeal did not accept that the custodial sentence was manifestly excessive in relation to the Handling Stolen Goods. However, the Court of Appeal did not find it appropriate to impose significant fines with default sentences with no means for this defendant to pay – no separate penalty should have been imposed on those counts. In relation to disqualification, the Court of Appeal agreed that this was manifestly excessive. Importantly, the out of court discussions are invalid. The sentence was substituted to 6 months disqualification with no extended retest. Fines and periods of custody in default quashed with no separate penalty substituted on driving offences. Renny Fletcher There was an error in the judge’s arithmetic when calculating sentence. There was no further hearing where this was announced, and the parties were not given notice when this was changed by way of a note on the DCS. However, to correct the error would be to impose a penalty more onerous and so the appeal was dismissed. Discussion The Court of Appeal considered relevant case law before arriving at their decision. In R v Kent [1983] 77 Cr App R 120, Lord Lane CJ said as follows: ‘There have been further difficulties arising in the following way. There have, on occasions, been, understandably, efforts made by court staff to prevent mistakes arising. This has resulted in discrepancies being observed between the sentence pronounced by the Judge and that appearing on the record sheet. We wish to make […] clear: first of all, the order of the court is that pronounced by the judge in open court. Secondly, the responsibility of the court staff is to make a record which accurately reflects that pronouncement.’ Lord Justice Davis gave examples where there may be discussions surrounding sentence in the days that follow by email, etc. If the alteration is limited/non-controversial or technical in some way, the hearing will not require attendance but any party. However, when the varied sentence is announced at court in public it ensures the ‘lawfulness of the sentence’ (paragraph 12). As such advocates should be vigilant to any communications of errors and how they are dealt with bearing this guidance in mind – most crucially the need for public pronouncement. Full Judgement The full judgment can be viewed here.

Libertas Chambers

Inquest Leads To University Suicide Prevention Report With Libertas Barrister Libertas Member Chaynee Hodgetts has contributed to a Policy Report for members of the “For the 100” campaign, suggesting stronger strategic safeguards need to be implemented across Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), to seek to prevent avoidable University student deaths by suicide. This work follows on from Ms Hodgetts representing the Foulkes family (who also contributed to the Report). The family lost their daughter, Mared Thomas Foulkes, by suicide, after she received an automatically generated issue of an inaccurate “degree fail” exam transcript on her Pharmacy degree course at Cardiff University. Ms Hodgetts became involved with the case, having initially learned, in a Christmas card from a mutual contact, of the family’s struggle to persuade the Coroner that the University should be made an Interested Party (IP) at the inquest – and that the Coroner was not, at that early stage, persuaded as to the potential relevance of the University result received by Mared. Upon becoming instructed on the case, through Mr Ian Winrow of Winrow Solicitors, Ms Hodgetts undertook a full review of the evidence, sought further disclosure, and made written representations in advance of the Pre-Inquest Review (PIR) that Cardiff University should be an Interested Party (IP) at the inquest, because the automatically computer-issued (and factually incorrect) fail result appeared to be directly linked to events involving Mared on the day she died. Tragically, she never knew that the computer-generated result was wrong, and that she had in fact passed. Following Ms Hodgetts’ submissions at the Pre-Inquest Review (PIR), the Coroner ordered Cardiff University must become an Interested Party at the inquest, held in 2021. After several days of evidence at inquest, still represented by Ms Hodgetts, the family learned more – with the Coroner returning a Conclusion of suicide, and directed the University had to improve its exam results policy and provide better pastoral care. Ms Hodgetts’ further representations at inquest, that a Regulation 28 Preventing Future Deaths Report was necessary, were acted upon by the Coroner. The Coroner, in the resultant Regulation 28 Preventing Future Deaths Report, ruled: “Mared Thomas Foulkes, aged 21, died beneath the Britannia Bridge on 8 July 2020. Mared was a student at the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Cardiff University studying for a M Pharm. She had received examination results the morning she died indicating that she had ‘not successfully completed this year/stage of her programme of study’. It was revealed after her death that she had successfully completed the year (once the ratification process had occurred)… During the course of the inquest the evidence revealed matters giving rise to concern. In my opinion there is a risk that future deaths will occur unless action is taken… The sharing of examination results and how examinations are marked is complex, confusing, and at times capable of appearing misleading.” The Coroner ruled that Cardiff University were statutorily required to review their policies for the issuing and ratification of exam results, and the provision of proper pastoral support around the time of results day, and made specific recommendations. The University later provided a statutory response to the Coroner, and apologised publicly to the Foulkes family. Mared’s family have since joined the “For the 100” campaign, along with other families seeking improved suicide prevention measures for students in UK Universities. The latest media reporting on the new Policy Report [A. Griffiths, E. Roberts, M. Flynn and C. Hodgetts (with I. Foulkes and G. Foulkes), “The Case for Better Student Suicide Prevention in Higher Education: Some Observations from Wales” (August 2024, Policy Paper)] can be found here: https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2024-11-11/my-daughter-took-her-own-life-seven-hours-after-getting-university-result https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-14068143/student-killed-failed-exam-university-tragedy.html Selected previous media reports on the PIR and inquest can be found here: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-59080475 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9892155/Student-21-dead-learning-failed-Cardiff-University-exam.html https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10142029/Student-fell-death-bridge-getting-email-WRONGLY-telling-failed-exams.html https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10211899/Coroner-says-Cardiff-University-change-results-policy-student-killed-mix-up.html The Coroner’s Regulation 28 “Preventing Future Deaths” report, made in respect of Cardiff University, can be found here: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Mared-Foulkes-Prevention-of-future-deaths-report-2021-0378_Published.pdf The “For the 100’” campaign is a group of parents and families calling for better duty of care for students from Universities, with the “100” signifying the annual number of student deaths by suicide in Universities: https://www.forthe100.org.uk/

Libertas Chambers

Latest Insights

Joint Enterprise Murder and Persons with Disabilities Alex Henry (Alex) was born 3 December 1992. Alex has Autism Spectrum Disorder (‘ASD’). ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disability which affects how people interpret the world and understand it. It affects more than one in 100 people. Despite its prevalence, it remains poorly understood, stigmatised and stereotyped. Alex has been imprisoned since 2014 as an alleged accessory to murder. ASD is frequently mis-diagnosed, under-diagnosed and stigmatised – often it is not picked up until a person is an adult. Alex was not diagnosed until after he was convicted and sentenced. The expert ASD diagnosis by Professor Simon Baron Cohen in 2016 was independently confirmed by two further experts. It was accepted at sentence that the friend was the killer. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum of 22 years. Alex was sentenced to mandatory life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum term of 19 years. Alex will be 40 by the time he can apply for parole. Following which he will be on ‘life licence’ and subject to recall for the rest of his life. In 2014, a single judge at the Court of Appeal of England and Wales Criminal Division (‘COA’) refused Alex permission to appeal. Two years later Alex’s ASD was finally diagnosed. As is well known, in 2016, the UK Supreme Court held in R v Jogee that the law on JE had ‘taken a wrong turn’ for 30 years. The court held that the use of ‘realised’ (foreseeing the possibility of a crime) was an error of law. This means that the use of ‘realised’ in legal directions to the jury in Alex’s trial was an error of law. On 2 March 2016, following the R v Jogee decision, Alex sought leave to appeal out of time to the full court of the COA on the basis that the trial jury was wrongly directed in law, and relying on his ASD diagnosis. Professor Baron Cohen was subject to cross-examination, even though the Prosecution submitted no contrary expert opinion. In 2016, it was decided by the COA in R v Johnson [2016] EWCA Crim 1613 that the burden to prove a ‘substantial injustice’ is on the applicant, and that it is a ‘high threshold’. Alex’s appeal was rejected on the basis he had not suffered such an injustice despite his ASD not being known and him serving a life sentence for not killing anyone. The decision appears contrary to Jacobs [2023] EWCA Crim 1503, where the COA held that autism is not relevant to reasonable belief as a matter of principle, but it may be relevant on the facts of the case if the belief depends on an impaired ability to read social signals. The COA also assessed Alex’s behavioural ASD traits as bad character, stating: ‘[i]t was clear based on the materials before [them] that Henry has a significant history in relation to behavioral problems which originated from at least 2002; he was assessed on several occasions to ascertain whether he had any mental illness’[para 37 – of course ASD is not a mental illness but a neurodivergent condition] On 12 September 2017, an application for a certificate for leave to appeal to the UK Supreme Court (UKSC) arguing that the control by the COA of UKSC appeals is contrary to the rights of a disabled person was rejected. Applications to the ECHR and the CCRC have also been refused, as has a petition for mercy to the former Secretary of State for Justice. Unhelpfully, the CCRC gave its opinion on the proposed conditional pardon which would have allowed for Alex’s release. The CCRC acknowledged Alex’s ASD diagnosis but iterated Alex’s ‘bad character’ ignoring the link between ASD and his behaviour. Neither the Secretary nor the CCRC examined the practices in the criminal justice system (CJS) for people with ASD. On 12 September 2024 a report by the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies found that JE laws are vague and wide in scope, causing systemic injustice, including overcriminalisation, over-punishment, discriminatory outcomes, and convictions where there is no compelling evidence of intent and a defendant’s physical contribution is minimal’. The author, Nisha Waller states: ‘The current law encourages the overcharging of suspects and allows cases to be propelled forward based on poor-quality evidence.’ In 2022 the Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge found that an overwhelming majority of ASD accused persons were not provided with adequate support or adjustments in the UK Criminal Justice System. This followed an Equality and Human Rights Commission report in June 2020 that warned that the CJS is failing those with learning disabilities and autistic people. The Cambridge report noted that there was almost no research investigating how autistic defendants are being treated within the CJS. In 2024 an expert consensus was published on the identification and support of individuals with ASD in within the UK CJS. It concluded that greater attention needs to be given to this potentially vulnerable population when navigating the CJS. However, there is some recognition on sentencing: In 2020 the UK Sentencing Council published guidelines specifying that mental disorders, developmental disorders and neurological disorders should be considered in sentencing – noting specifically that no adverse inference should be drawn if an offender had not been formally diagnosed. ASD affects Alex’s ability to assess the conduct and intentions of others. Communication differences mean that Alex is also always at risk of being misunderstood. Alex’s ASD diagnosis is therefore directly relevant to his actions in relation to his conviction and whether he could know (or realise) what someone else would do. His ASD diagnosis gives rise to serious doubt on his alleged culpability The expressions of the impairments caused by ASD should also have been taken in account when weighing the person’s criminal responsibility and sentence. Alex’s latest move is an application to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: It is suggested that, as a person with a disability and the UK has violated Alex Henry’s rights under the Convention. His experience at all stages of the UK criminal justice system is argued to be discriminatory and inequitable. He has not been able to effectively participate in a criminal proceeding where his ASD is known and properly addressed. The UK is obligated to ensure Alex is both ‘equal before the law’ and ‘equal under the law’ (Article 5 CRPD); this means that Alex has the right to be protected by the law and has the right to use the law for personal benefit. This interpretation requires existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities to be modified or abolished. Additionally, the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities should be considered in all policies and programs. State parties must take positive actions to ensure that Alex can have full enjoyment – this includes accommodating his needs within legal processes. The application alleges that Alex’s rights were denied through failures at every stage of trial and appeal, including drawing adverse inferences from his silence in police interview. The consequence of Alex’s case is that any young person with ASD ‘involved’ in crowd violence is at risk of a life sentence, even if they are not able to assess what another person would do and even if they make no significant contribution to the crime. The result is the imposition of a harsh and grossly disproportionate sentence exacerbated by being labelled with ‘murder’ which is especially difficult for parole purposes. Thus, it is suggested that the UK has violated his CRPD rights and is perpetuating discriminatory customs and practices as opposed to supporting their modification or abolishment. It is not known whether his application will be accepted but Alex’s is a case that highlights some complex issues for Westminster. Felicity represents Alex pro bono and is instructed by Dean Kingham of Reece Thomas Watson Solicitors.

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Slip Rule or Slip Up? Leitch Et Al [2024] EWCA Crim 563 In this article, Alexandra-Maria Eugenicos discusses the appeal outlined above and the concept and mechanics of the ‘Slip Rule’. Introduction This appeal involves 6 unconnected cases concerned with administrative amendment of sentence. Correcting sentencing errors are commonplace and those in practice are familiar with the mechanics of the slip rule. However, the issue arises where the administrative alteration is significant, an example being where the sentence announced in court is wrong in law, which cannot so easily be remedied administratively. Amending a Sentence in Law At paragraph 6 of the judgment in Leicth, Lord Justice Davis states: ‘The fundamental principle is that the sentence imposed on a defendant in the Crown Court is the sentence pronounced in open court by the judge.’ The Court of Appeal further considered the history of the law enabling amendments to sentence being made. The following is set out by Lord Justice Davis at paragraph 8: ‘Before the advent of the Crown Court in 1972 there was no statutory power to amend or alter a sentence imposed in any higher criminal court. There was a common law power exercised either by the Judge of an Assize or by the Recorder of a Quarter Sessions. At the end of the Assize or the Quarter Session the relevant judge would sign the calendar authenticating the sentences which had been passed. On occasion the judge would decide to alter the sentence impose in court. The practice was that any alteration would not be one which operated to the disadvantage of the defendant.’ A new statutory power was introduced by s. 11(2) Courts Act 1971 allowing a sentence or other order made by the Crown Court to be varied or rescinded within 28 days of imposition. No stipulation was made as to how a sentence should be altered but the Court of Appeal made clear that any alteration must be announced in open court, and the defendant must be present unless there was a good reason for absence, or they were represented by counsel. Lord Justice Davis considers instances where this above guidance was ignored. The statutory power of amending sentence is now contained in s. 385 Sentencing Act 2020 which sets out the current time limit as 56 days. There are procedural guidelines contained in Part 28.4 CrimPR. It may be exercised by the Crown or defence in writing and by the court of its own motion. The hearing may be held in public, private or without a hearing. The judge may not exercise this power in the defendant’s absence unless it is a defence variation application, the defence have had opportunity to make representations at a hearing, or the variation will not mean a harsher sentence. However, Lord Justice Davis made clear that ‘whatever the decision is and however it is made, it must be announced at a hearing in public along with the reasons for the decision.’ (para 11). If variation is sought after 56 days, it can only be varied by the Court of Appeal under s. 385. Appellants’ Cases The details of the cases considered in the joined appeals are instructive and worthy of consideration. Daniel Leitch Mr Leitch was sentenced for offences on an indictment in which no evidence had been offered, was not sentenced for an offence to which he had pleaded guilty, or an offence committed for sentence. The court record did not reflect this because the court clerk had later been authorised to amend the court record. This was not announced in open court. Leave to appeal was granted in relation to offences he had been acquitted, with those sentences quashed. However, the other grounds failed. DS This defendant was sentenced to a total term of 14 years and 3 months for multiple counts of rape. A sentence for offenders of particular concern under s. 278 Sentencing Act 2020 was mandatory on all counts. It was mentioned during sentencing remarks but not pronounced. It was not sufficiently explained that he would be subject to extended licence of 1 year. Moreover, there was an intention to impose a Restraining Order, but no pronouncement was made at the hearing nor was there specification of duration. A day after the sentencing the judge was made aware following which the court clerk made entries on the DCS where the above was remedied and a restraining order made ‘until further order’. The sentencing judge had explained in an email to the Court of Appeal that he had intended to write to counsel and told the court clerk he would do so, but he did not. Leave was granted for DS to pursue all grounds of appeal in relation to amendment. The Court of Appeal did not find his sentence manifestly excessive and did not accept that the Restraining Order was correctly imposed. Paul Fleet Mr Fleet was made subject to a Sexual Harm Prevention Order (‘SHPO’) for an indefinite period and the sentencing judge had imposed notification requirements for an indefinite period. The SHPO was later amended and specified for 5 years with notification requirements imposed for the same period. This order was amended under the slip rule with the duration and notification requirements set at 10 years. There was no hearing where this was announced by the judge. Appeal in relation to sentence was dismissed; however, the Court of Appeal recognised the deficiency of the 10-year amendment not being pronounced in court, determining that the SHPO was as pronounced in as initially amended (5 years duration). PB This defendant was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. The judge did not impose mandatory sentences on multiple counts as required by s. 278 Sentencing Act 2020 (Offenders of particular concern). The prosecution alerted the judge 5 days later, the judge amended sentence with an extended licence of 2 years ‘administratively and under the slip rule.’ The prosecution said that a more severe sentence should not have been imposed which led to a slip rule hearing where the sentence was amended to 19 years custodial with extended licence of 1 year. A ground of appeal that sentence was manifestly excessive was rejected, but the appeal allowed in relation to the 20 year determinate sentence being quashed and substituted for a special custodial sentence for an offender of particular concern as 19 years with extended licence of 1 year. Andrew Adams Mr Adams pleaded guilty to handling stolen goods and driving offences (no insurance and no licence). He was sentenced to 2 years for handling stolen goods. The offences took place within the operation period of a SSO which was activated. Mr Adams was sentenced to 2 years and 6 months (previous offence of bladed article) to run consecutively, and further fined separately for each driving offence with a default sentence of 7 days to run concurrently, disqualification for 3 years and ordered to sit an extended re-test – in relation to the offence of driving with no licence. There followed discussions between counsel and the Court Clerk, the substance of which was not caught on the recording. The Court Clerk went to see the judge, on return they say that disqualification is attached to the no insurance and is 21 months with 15 months uplift to account for the custodial sentence, taking it to 3 years. Counsel then raised concerns about whether an extended retest can be ordered on an offence of no insurance. The Court Clerk went to see judge again and when she returned said that the judge approved the amendment – no extended retest. Counsel told clerk it was not necessary for judge to return to court. The Court of Appeal did not accept that the custodial sentence was manifestly excessive in relation to the Handling Stolen Goods. However, the Court of Appeal did not find it appropriate to impose significant fines with default sentences with no means for this defendant to pay – no separate penalty should have been imposed on those counts. In relation to disqualification, the Court of Appeal agreed that this was manifestly excessive. Importantly, the out of court discussions are invalid. The sentence was substituted to 6 months disqualification with no extended retest. Fines and periods of custody in default quashed with no separate penalty substituted on driving offences. Renny Fletcher There was an error in the judge’s arithmetic when calculating sentence. There was no further hearing where this was announced, and the parties were not given notice when this was changed by way of a note on the DCS. However, to correct the error would be to impose a penalty more onerous and so the appeal was dismissed. Discussion The Court of Appeal considered relevant case law before arriving at their decision. In R v Kent [1983] 77 Cr App R 120, Lord Lane CJ said as follows: ‘There have been further difficulties arising in the following way. There have, on occasions, been, understandably, efforts made by court staff to prevent mistakes arising. This has resulted in discrepancies being observed between the sentence pronounced by the Judge and that appearing on the record sheet. We wish to make […] clear: first of all, the order of the court is that pronounced by the judge in open court. Secondly, the responsibility of the court staff is to make a record which accurately reflects that pronouncement.’ Lord Justice Davis gave examples where there may be discussions surrounding sentence in the days that follow by email, etc. If the alteration is limited/non-controversial or technical in some way, the hearing will not require attendance but any party. However, when the varied sentence is announced at court in public it ensures the ‘lawfulness of the sentence’ (paragraph 12). As such advocates should be vigilant to any communications of errors and how they are dealt with bearing this guidance in mind – most crucially the need for public pronouncement. Full Judgement The full judgment can be viewed here.

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Marie Spenwyn contributes to August edition of Counsel magazine Marie Spenwyn contributed an article to the August edition of Counsel magazine, co-written with Lynda Gibbs KC (Hon). In the article, they explain the process to, and significance of, a course developed for the Inns of Court College of Advocacy (ICCA) for those representing children in the criminal justice system. The ICCA working group set out to draw together myriad resources to better equip practitioners to fulfil their regulatory duties and to continue its push for advocacy for children to be a specialist area of practice. Marie has been a member of the working party for a number of years working on the development of, and now delivery of the training course. Read the article through the link to the edition below – you can find the article on pages 20 and 21 of the publication. https://www.counselmagazine.co.uk/articles/advocacy-for-children-in-conflict-with-the-law In other news, Marie Spenwyn is one of the newly elected Masters of the Bench of Gray’s Inn. More information can be found at the Gray’s Inn website: https://www.graysinn.org.uk/news/new-masters-of-the-bench-trinity-election-2024/

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Latest Events

Dr Felicity Gerry KC will be at the International Bar Association Conference in Paris from 29 Oct to 3 Nov Dr Felicity Gerry KC will be at the International Bar Association Conference in Paris from 29 Oct to 3 Nov – She is the Asia Pacific Member of the Criminal Law Committee – if you are attending, she would be delighted to meet you Conference details here #IBA2023 https://www.ibanet.org/conference-details/CONF2244. Felicity is currently awaiting verdicts in the Al Hassan trial at the ICC and drafted the memorandum that led to the $82m divestment of the Golden City Investment Scheme in Myanmar. She was recently listed as one of the top 5 international lawyers you would want on your side – details here https://lawandcrime.com/partner-content/meet-the-top-5-international-lawyers-you-want-on-your-side/amp/

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Celebrating South Asian Heritage Month NOTE: This event has now been cancelled. Libertas Chambers members celebrate South Asian Heritage Month (SAHM) with a wide-ranging panel discussion on legal issues and careers to honour, recognize, and appreciate South Asian history and culture, as well as to comprehend the rich cultural legacy of countries within South Asia. This webinar presented by our members celebrates the accomplishments and legacy of individuals with origins in the South Asian countries. Presented by our members with South Asian heritage who have expertise in corporate and criminal law on issues concerning South Asian business, countries and heritage in celebration of South Asian heritage month. We are proud to have several practitioners of South Asian origin, which make up 20% of our staff and a collective command of 8 different regional languages. To ensure you don’t miss out on future events please register for our newsletter by clicking here.

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Webinar Video – Defence Statements and Openings: Rule 25.9 and being fair and concise We recently held a webinar on Defence Statements and Openings: Rule 25.9 and being fair and concise. A practice is growing of asking Defence Counsel to open 1 or 2 sentences after the prosecution opening in serious cases which may not be in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Rules. Rule 25.9, taken together with the overriding objective allows for a fair and concise rehearsal of the issues raised in the defence statement or alternatively for the jury to be given the defence statement. This webinar discusses the delivery of defence openings / summary of issues, how defence statements can be framed to support a defence opening, and what is the bare minimum for opening defence issues which is fair. Presented by Dr Felicity Gerry KC and Marie Spenwyn Felicity and Marie have significant experience defending in the most serious of criminal matters including homicide, terrorism and war crimes. Both are co-authors of The Sexual Offences Handbook (3rd Ed forthcoming). They are well versed in taking procedural challenges and taking the best strategic approaches for clients. To ensure you don’t miss out on future events please register for our newsletter by clicking here.

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